Sun allergies, also known as photosensitivity, occur when the skin reacts adversely to ultraviolet (UV) rays emitted by the sun. This condition can manifest as an itchy, painful, blistering or peeling rash, which may develop within minutes or hours of sun exposure. The severity of the reaction can vary significantly, ranging from mild discomfort to severe skin irritation.
What causes sun allergies?
Several factors can contribute to the development of sun allergies, including:
Genetics: A family history of sun allergies can increase your risk.
Medications: Certain medications may heighten sensitivity to sunlight.
Autoimmune conditions: Underlying autoimmune disorders can also play a role.
It is estimated that 2% to 18% of people worldwide may experience some form of sun allergy.
Types of sun allergies
There are four primary types of sun allergies, each with unique triggers and symptoms:
- Polymorphous light eruption (PMLE): The most common type, often affecting individuals with darker skin. Symptoms include an itchy rash with red bumps or blisters that can last from several days to two weeks.
- Solar urticaria: A rare form that causes hives within minutes of sun exposure, typically resolving within 24 hours.
- Photoallergic reaction: Triggered by certain medications interacting with UV rays, leading to rashes that develop within one to three days.
- Actinic prurigo: A rare inherited condition causing itchy, bumpy lesions, often beginning in childhood.
Symptoms of sun allergies
Symptoms can vary widely based on the type of sun allergy:
- PMLE: Itchy or burning rash, redness and small blisters.
- Solar urticaria: Raised itchy welts, redness and swelling.
- Photoallergic reaction: Itchy rash, red blisters and swelling.
- Actinic prurigo: Bumpy patches, burning sensations and small blisters.
Managing sun allergies
While there is no cure for sun allergies, several management strategies can help alleviate symptoms:
Lifestyle changes
- Avoid direct sunlight during peak hours (10 AM to 4 PM).
- Wear protective clothing, such as wide-brimmed hats and UV-blocking sunglasses.
- Apply broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high SPF.
- Identify and avoid specific medications or cosmetics that trigger reactions.
Medications
Topical treatments like hydrocortisone creams can relieve itching and inflammation. For severe cases, oral medications such as antihistamines or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be prescribed.
Phototherapy
Controlled exposure to UV light can help desensitize the skin and reduce reactions.
Living with a sun allergy can be challenging, but with the right lifestyle adjustments and medical management, individuals can enjoy outdoor activities while minimizing discomfort. If you suspect a sun allergy, consult a health care provider for proper diagnosis and treatment options.
